Transport Information

Li-ion batteries are classified as Dangerous Goods for transport according to the UN Model regulation for the Transport of Dangerous Goods.

They are classified under CLASS 9 Dangerous Goods due to their dual hazard properties associated with their chemical and electrical content

UN 3480 : Lithium-Ion Batteries

UN 3481 : Lithium-Ion Batteries contained in equipment or packed with equipment.

Recharge is proposing an e-book providing all information about UN transport regulation of Lithium batteries.

http://www.transbatteries.com

Prior to any shipment, the compliance of the following points must be checked:

The Transport of Li-ion batteries (Dangerous Goods) is organized by appropriately trained persons and/or the shipment is accompanied by corresponding experts or qualified companies.
The Lithium-Ion battery is of the type proved to meet the requirements of each test in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, PartⅢ, sub-section 38.3 ;
http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/manual/Rev5/English/ST-SG-AC10-11-Rev5-EN.pdf
In accordance with the requirements of the UN Model Regulation, Chapter 2.9.4, the manufacturer of the battery or the battery pack shall made available on request of the Competent Authority the evidences that a Quality Certification program is in place in its manufacturing facility for Lithium-ion batteries.

UN-No: 3480 or 3481 Lithium-Ion Batteries and Lithium-Ion batteries contained in equipment or packed with equipment

ADR/RID
Class 9 Packing group II, tunnel category E ADR/RID-Labels 9
Proper shipping name Lithium-Ion batteries, UN 3480
ADR Special Provisions 188, 230,310, 636 will apply and Packing Instruction P903, P903a and P903b.
Damaged and defective batteries: contact your National Competent Authority
Waste batteries:
Note: For ADR, see the following address: www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/adr/adr2011/11contentse.html

IMO
Class Packing group II IMO-Labels 9
Proper shipping name Lithium-Ion batteries, UN 3480
IMDG Code: Special provisions188, 230, 310, and packing instructions P903
EmS: F-A, S-I
Stowage category A
Damaged and defective batteries: contact your National Competent Authority
Waste batteries:

IATA-DGR
Class Packing group II ICAO-Labels 9
Proper shipping name Lithium-Ion batteries, UN 3480
IATA: Special provisions A88, A99, A154, A164, packing instructions P965, P966, P967, P968, P969, P970
Damaged and defective batteries or waste batteries are not allowed for transport by air.
Note: For the IATA Guidance Document on lithium batteries, see the address:
http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/cargo/dgr/Pages/lithium-batteries.aspx

lithium battery-risk-mitigation-guidance-for-operators-1st-ed

lithium-battery-update 2016 V4

Guidance for the 30% SOC implementation

Please, keep updated on the Transport Regulation by contacting your National Competent Authority

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Active mass
The material in the electrodes that takes part in the charging and discharging reactions.
Anode
Negative electrode of every electrochemical current source while being discharged.

Battery
Term from the French language indicating an accumulation of elements of the same type.

C-rate
States the magnitude of charging and discharging currents independently of the capacity of the different cells ( for example, a discharge at 1 C-rate is lasting about 1 hour, while a discharge at 0.1C rate is about 10 hours).
Capacity C (Ah)
The amount of electric charge which can be stored. It is expressed in ampere hours (Ah) or also milliampere hours (mAh) and indicates how much current can be drawn from the cell for one hour.
Cathode
Designation for the positive electrode of every electrochemical current source while being discharged.
Charging efficiency
Is the ratio between the energy stored in the cell and the total energy provided to the cell during charging. Charging efficiency is dependent on the type of cell and on the charging conditions, like charging temperature and charging current.
Charging methods (Li-ioncells)
Standard charging method is called CC-CV ( constant current followed by a constant voltage). Depending on the cell power, it can last some minutes to some hours.
Charging methods (NiCd/NiMH cells)
- Standard charging at 0.1 C charging current: 12-14 hours charging time
- Standard charging at 0.1 C charging current: 12-14 hours charging time
- Accelerated charging at 0.2 to 0.5 charging current: 3-6 hours charging time
- Rapid charging at 0.5 to 2 C: 1-3 hours charging time
- Trickle charging: Low continuous charging current after full charging so as to compensate for self-discharge.
Charging shutdown
- Timer: Timer set to a fixed time, often used for rapid charging
- Absolute temperature shutdown: Shut down of charging after a defined temperature has been attained
- Relative temperature shutdown: Measurement of temperature rise and predefined shutdown as soon as a certain value is attained
- Negative delta V method: Precise voltage measurement of the cell, shutdown after a typical voltage drop down of the cells is attained after full charging
- Peak voltage sensor: Shut down by way of an absolute voltage measurement as soon as full charging is attained
- Other combination of these methods can be applied with electronic control of chargers and batteries.
Current I (A)
As soon as a consumer is connected to the cells, and when the electric circuit is closed, a current will flow. The magnitude of the current will depend on the consumer which is connected and on the internal resistance of the battery. The magnitude of the current is measured in Amps (Amperes).

Electrode
Usually a metallic conductor which serves the purpose of conducting electric charge carriers into a liquid, into a gas, into a vacuum or on to the surface of a solid body.
Electrolysis
The decomposition of an ion conducting liquid upon applying a sufficiently high voltage.
Electrolyte
Electrically conducting liquid, usually a base, inorganic acid or salt solution, or a salt in organic carbonates for Li-ion.
Electrolyte
Electrically conducting liquid, usually a base, inorganic acid or salt solution, or a salt in organic carbonates for Li-ion.
Electron
The electron (symbol: e−) is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge.
Energy (Wh)
Is the product of voltage and capacity, expressed in watt-hours.

Internal resistance R (Ohm)
Measure (in Ohms) of the degree to which a material opposes an electric current through it. Being influenced by ageing, size and temperature of the cell, the internal resistance is responsible for the continuous voltage decrease of the rechargeable battery upon being discharged.
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge.

Li Polymer
Lithium polymer cell, see also Chapter “Batteries”.
LiIon
Lithium ion cell, see also Chapter “Batteries”.

Memory effect
Effect caused by specific usage such as partial discharging at constant sate of charge of rechargeable NiCd/NiMH batteries. This effect temporarily reduces the capacity of the rechargeable battery. Through several full discharge and charging cycles this effect can be avoided, respectively cancelled.

NiCd
Nickel cadmium cell, see also Chapter “Batteries”.
NiMH
Nickel metal hydride cell, see also Chapter “Batteries”.
NiOOH
Nickel hydroxide, active component of a rechargeable nickel cadmium battery in the positive electrode (cadmium is here in the negative electrode).

Ph.
Lead acid cell from latin: “plumbum”, see also Chapter “Batteries”.
Primary battery
Battery which can only be discharged once.

Rechargeable battery
A galvanic battery which, after discharge, may be restored to the fully charged state by the passage of an electrical current through the cell in the opposite direction to that of discharge.

Secondary battery
A rechargeable battery.
Self discharge
An undesired discharge effect caused by electrochemical processes which increases at higher storage temperatures. Not to be confused with the memory effect.
Separator
Separates the positive and negative elements for the purpose of preventing a short-circuit.
Series connection
Series connection of cells thereby increasing the voltage.
State of charge
Ratio between the capacity in the cell at a given time, and the total capacity of the cell.
Storing
Rechargeable batteries should be stored in a dry place and at temperatures not exceeding 30°C. NiCd/NiMH rechargeable batteries may be stored either in the charged or the uncharged state. After having stored rechargeable batteries for a longer period of time they should be subjected to approximately five charging cycles (charging and discharging) so as to regain full cell performance.

Li-ion ion batteries should not be stored at a fully discharged state.

Voltage V (V)
The voltage results from the difference in potential between the electrodes and is measured in Volt.

Waste disposal
Exhausted batteries, respectively rechargeable batteries must be disposed of in line with the current waste disposal regulations. Collecting, sorting and recycling of batteries is financed by the manufacturers and is free of charge to the consumer. The valuable raw materials are cadmium, nickel-steel as well as components of NiMH and lithium cells are today being reused everywhere. For this refer also to the Chapter “recycling”.

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